Crime and Punishment in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Crime and Punishment in UK - Essay Example The criminal Justice act 2003 was enacted to reduce the crime by deterrence and by taking the preventive steps like supervising in the licence period and taking into custody when there is a need. The minimum time prescribed for a sentence in murder cases and the permission for a trial in the absence of a Jury, the compulsion on the persons called for Jury duties, the custodial periods, the steps taken for reducing re-offenders, custody plus, the new discretionary powers for the Jury, the role probation agencies in reforming the convicts, the permission for the retrial are some of the new clauses included in the law and generally after three years of enacting the law, there is a need to analyse the effect of it and to which extent it was showing its extra effect than the previous laws. In the backdrop of increased sentences in the last ten years and decrease of the fines and community punishments the deterrence attained by implementing the law is to be discussed.First of all there sho uld be a reason for passing a sentence or giving punishment which reduces crime or offer deterrence. The public protection should also be considered and it was considered in the act. Some Judges or magistrates feel that the act gives a practical tool for improving their decision making capacity.1 A bench which is to present a report does not like to observe the details of the punishment given. But the effort to establish rapport between bench and probation by the act is capable of showing the real positive effect. The bench now is provided with a chance to know the decisions taken at the time of probation. But the process is too complex, but is valuable. Crime and punishment in UK The judges decide the punishments in individual cases. This can be termed as independence of Judiciary. But the independence is not the one that makes an escape from the responsibilities. The sentencers may think at the time of the sentence that the punishment given may help in reducing the crime and offer deterrence. But it is not the whole thing which can reduce and deter crime incidence. There should be provision in the law to make all the agencies of the Justice system work in coordination to bring reform in the convicts and attaining the reducing rate of crime. If the Judges think that just judicial independence is the panacea, then the system will suffer and the purpose is not served. How ever the provision of liaison between the judiciary and the probation agencies is capable of bringing the change in the offenders who commit crime and serve sentences from less than 1 year to more than 2 years. The reduction of crime and deterrence depends upon the factor that up to which exte nt the convict was reformed. Generally the rate of repeating crime in the persons convicted in murder cases will be very less (not nil) as a person convicted for more than 10 years, though not reformed, may loose the capacity of committing the murder. It may not be true in all the cases here it was mentioned to make a point that the reformation is more necessary in the case of the persons sentenced for the period of months to 2 to 4 years. The reformation brought out in these persons can be a tool in hand for the system to reduce the crime incidence and to attain the required deterrence. The Judiciary/probation liaison was provided in the act for this reformation, but the extent of its implementation will result in the range of reformation. But it can be known that the sentencing by the Judges and magistrates in all the levels of the courts increased and the community punishments and fines were decreased,1 telling the fact that the liaison was not working up to the mark or it may ta ke some more time to show its effect. Though the courts of England and Wales have more probability of imposing penalties other than custodies, in the last decade the custodial sentences increased. The community sentences were also resulted in the community punishments.2 In the last ten years the custodial sen

European Television Channel with an American Television Essay

European Television Channel with an American Television - Essay Example are dissimilarities in how European and American advertisers see the function of the conduit, and if these outlooks are affiliated with the tactical passages to the befitting trials from the programs of the two countries. It is anticipated that the outlooks of European television will take into account outlooks conveyed by (Rantanen 2005) and other ones and display more bias for passages than their American counterparts. Study of the genuine programs should reveal more passages in an experiment of British programs. Analysis of CBF programs should display more passages by the British in four units, but for nations, more hardworking engagement / considering goods for the use of passages less often, while the reduced grade of participation / Products sentiment is anticipated to use most often. Source American European Report Programs TV: A Comparison The study of TV programs EU and the U.S. review was evolved by older advocating bureau in both nations, and then manages a content investi gation of TV programs. The reconsider displayed television more open mind-set in the direction of the conduit, and a very broad dream of the promise use of pathway between British institutions. The content investigation displayed an important boost in the conduit in America since the last study of significant connections, but less than the conduit experiment of European programs. Review of facts and numbers causes, investigation utilising Foote, Cone and Belding (FCB) has recognised several passages designing position in both nations, with the conduit most often utilised with the reduced participation of goods of Sense and least-often utilised with a high engagement / feeling and considering products. For the most part, the attitudes of heads of bureaus and contemplate the leverage of the... This paper approves that the outcomes of this study propose that advertisers in the U.S. and Europe as an entire sustain passages programs, but the British form is especially partial to its use. US-European dissimilarities are disclosed in the content investigation was verified through the programs of the television in both countries. The study displayed the main heading of British-style, a more affirmative variety of difficulties of this conduit can be accomplished and the stage of newspapers conduit that can be competently utilised, and the markets answer too many of channels. The most affirmative issue of outlook, the UK, this conduit can be utilised to help recall, comprehending and conviction is sustained by, and may be origin for U.S. advertisers to believe more broad channels. This report makes a conclusion that the study of passages in the U.S. and European TV programs review evolved structures advocating bureau in these two nations and then by carrying out a content investigation of TV programs. The outlooks of television of the bureau reflects the frequency and passages in their respective countries. This study examines one facet of British art programs and American - passages, as an authority style. Some observers contend that the British and American heritage, founded on some assumptions, which should be echoed in their programs. According to the scenario Lannon, British advertisers use gentler procedures of sale, which encompasses more passages than the hard deal, the form founded on clues, which it is superior in American programs.

Indian Market Essay Example for Free

Indian Market Essay This report deals with oral market of India especially the mouthwash sector. the various aspect of marketing and research and development of mouthwash product are discussed in detail. INTRODUCTION (COSMETIC MARKET) According to to a research RNCOS industrial research-The rising beauty concerns among both men and women are propelling the Indian cosmetics industry, which has witnessed a strong growth in the last few years. The country’s cosmetic sector has, in fact, emerged as one of the markets holding immense growth potential. New product launches catering to consumers’ growing requirements will fuel growth in the industry, for which the future outlook seems exceptionally bright. According to our latest research report, the Indian cosmetics market registered impressive sales worth INR 264. 1 Billion in 2011, and with rising purchasing power and growing fashion consciousness, the industry is estimated to expand at a CAGR of around 17% during 2011-2015. Their new research report, â€Å"Indian Cosmetic Sector Forecast to 2015†, sees that the Indian cosmetics industry holds promising growth prospects for both existing and new players. We have specifically studied the trends, pertaining to cosmetic products, among male and rural population which will help consultants, industry analysts, and vendors understand the direction in which the industry is moving. During the consumer behavior analysis, we observed that consumers are increasingly shifting towards ‘natural’ and ‘herbal’ cosmetic products as they are associated with bio-active ingredients and safe for human skin. In addition to this, we found that women are spending more on cosmetics as they are actively earning and spending money on grooming themselves. Besides, rural india is also showing its willingness to look attractive. We also studied the prospects of various segments, including hair care, skin care, oral care, fragrance and color cosmetics, and presented forecasts for them in our report. The study revealed that color cosmetics market is growing at a rapid rate in comparison to other segments. Our comprehensive study also provides a brief analysis of markets for Hair Beauty Salon, Spa and Cosmetics Surgery that are an important part of the Indian cosmetics industry. With a view to understanding the industry’s competitive landscape and presenting its balanced outlook to clients, we have included an overview of the activities of key players like Hindustan Unilever, Marico and L’Oreal in the report, which will prove decisive for clients. COSMETIC MARKET SALE-2011 Others 23% Hair Care 20% Make Up 20% Fragrance 10% Skin Care 27% 2|Page Hair Care Market About 20% of all cosmetic products sold are for the hair. Shampoos make up the vast majority of this market since almost everyone uses shampoo. Other significant market segments include conditioners, styling products, hair color, and relaxers. Skin Care Market The range of products that are offered for the skin care market are much more diverse than the hair care market. Skin care makes up about 27% of the total cosmetic industry and includes skin moisturizers, cleansers, facial products, anti-acne, and anti-aging products. Of all the cosmetics, skin care products can be some of the most expensive with 2 ounces of product routinely selling for gt;$200. Women do not mind spending big bucks to keep their skin looking young. Make-up Market The color cosmetic market represents about 15% of the cosmetic industry and includes anything from lipstick to nail polish. Included are hings like blush, eyeshadow, foundation, etc. The array of products is vast and the number of color variations are practically infinite. You can spend a lot of time as a cosmetic chemist working on new shades of familiar products. The market is highly segmented so there isn’t really one dominant player. Fine Fragrance This market segment has really taken a hit in the last few years but it still makes up about 10% of the cosmetic industry so some companies are still making money. This is the highest profit segment of the cosmetic industry but consumers are fickle. Only a few brands (like Chanel #5) can last for a long time. Fine fragrances come and go like fashion and companies have to continue to reformulate just to compete. Other The â€Å"other† category represents 23% of the cosmetic industry and is made up of things like toothpaste, deodorants, sunscreens, depilatories, and other personal care products not yet mentioned. Actually, many of these products could fall under one of the categories already mentioned but the industry likes to keep them separated whenever they do stories on the various markets. 3|Page ORAL CARE According to a report from RNCOS industry research solution-In India, oral care segment holds a substantial share in the overall cosmetic market. On back of increasing awareness about oral hygiene, improving income, and high advertising expenditure by players, the Indian oral care market has shown stupendous growth. According to our latest research report, tooth paste and tooth powders hold the majority share of the market, and this is expected to remain the major sub-segment in future. It is estimated that the Indian oral care market will register a strong CAGR of around 14% during 2011-2015. As per the report, â€Å"Indian Oral Care Market Forecast to 2015†, there exists an immense potential for tooth brush market in rural areas. During our study, we also observed that dental health camps and free dental checkups have raised awareness about dental infections and diseases, especially in suburban and rural parts. The Indian Oral Care market is derived by analyzing and studying its subsegments including: tooth paste, tooth powder, tooth brush, and mouth wash. Besides, our extensive study also discusses why the markets for tooth paste, tooth powder, tooth brush, and mouth wash are growing in India and in which direction they are likely to move in the coming years. It also forecasts the share of oral care segments in oral care market As per scribd. com,the oral care category has a market for about 5000crore for year 2011-12 . Key Players-Hindustan Unilever and Colgate Palmolive. 93 per cent of the households reported some expenditure on toothpaste in 2009-10. The penetration of toothpaste was 95 per cent in urban households and nearly 88 per cent in rural households. The penetration of toothbrushes is much lower than that of toothpaste. Possibly, the index finger is a substitute for the toothbrush in many households, or toothbrushes last for over a year.

existentialism :: essays research papers

The modern conception of man is characterized, more than anything else, by individualism. Existentialism can be seen as a rigorous attempt to work out the implications of this individualism. The purpose of this lecture is to makes sense of the Existentialist conception of individuality and the answers it gives to these three questions: (1) What is human freedom? What can the absolute freedom of absolute individuals mean? (2) What is human flourishing or human happiness? What general ethic or way of life emerges when we take our individuality seriously? (3) What ought we to do? What ethics or code of action can emerge from a position that takes our individuality seriously. Although I am sure you will want to take a critical look at the assumptions from which Existentialism arises in your seminars, I will be attempting, sympathetically, to see what follows if one takes these assumptions seriously. Let's begin by seeing what it could mean to say we are absolute individuals. When you think of it, each of us is alone in the world. Only we feel our pains, our pleasures, our hopes, and our fears immediately, subjectively, from the inside. Other people only see us from the outside, objectively, and, hard as we may try, we can only see them from the outside. No one else can feel what we feel, and we cannot feel what is going on in any one else's mind. Actually, when you think of it, the only thing we ever perceive immediately and directly is ourselves and the images and experiences in our mind. When we look at another person or object, we don't see it directly as it is; we see it only as it is represented in our own experience. When you feel the seat under your rear-end, do you really feel the seat itself or do you merely feel the sensations transmitted to you by nerve endings in your posterior?. When you look at the person next to you (contemplating how their rear-end feels), do you really see them as they are on the inside or feel what they feel?

Persuasive Communication Essay

When trying to persuade the boss it is important to state the facts and make sure to check the validity of these facts that will be presented before it is put forward. Remember to quote your credible sources, as you may be asked about where your data arrived from. Analyze the persuasive effectiveness in terms of its logos, pathos, and ethos, if applicable, on what you are trying to convince your boss on. Use statistics and data that are current and choose reputable publications. Try to avoid logical fallacies. Presenting something that you want the boss to accept and give you the â€Å"wow† effect is important. You must make an effective entrance into a room. Walk tall and enter the room with a purposeful, confident stride. Give a firm handshake and smile. Having a positive attitude is a good way to start off a conversation. You must first find common ground with your boss by sharing a common view of the problem, issue or goal. Confirm with the boss that you are on their side and want this idea to help better the company. When trying to persuade a peer a mixture of facts and feelings may be used because you should have an indication of the person’s personality. This can benefit you to use what you know about how that your peer thinks when trying to persuade this person. Usually, a peer will listen to you much deeper than a person who does not you well. When dealing with a challenging person it is important to use techniques to grab their attention. Challenging people have self-interest and may want to argue an issue. Use those self-interests to break down the facts and use sentiments to make them understand. If you are trying to persuade an open minded person you can explain your side of an issue by inflating the data. Open minded people are willing to listen to all sides of the arguments. Whether you are trying to persuade your boss, a peer, a challenging person, or an open minded person, all people think, and have personalities, that differ from you. Knowing who your audience is can be very important when it comes to persuasion.

The Positive Role of Magazine Images Essay - 812 Words

The Positive Role of Magazine Images Most controversy over magazines is about the images they portray. According to the writers, Amy Malkin, Kimberlie Wornian, and Joan Chrisler, Women and Weight: Gendered Messages on Magazines Covers, womens magazines insist on dieting, exercise, and cosmetic surgery to achieve the ideal body. This is in no way true. Yes, magazines show pictures of beautiful women and have articles that relate to dieting, exercise and surgery. However, magazines have no other purpose than to inform. Also, magazines do not cause women to feel inadequate; they are useful tools in which women can find informative articles on the issues at hand. America has become a society of relatively sedentary people that†¦show more content†¦The advertisement for food in magazines is in no way a conflicting message about weight loss. For example, it is the same as advertising for birth control or even Viagra, which appears in many male and female magazines. The presence of these ads is not suggesting that women not have children or men enhance their sex life; it is just simply giving information to those that are interested. Food ads are no meant to appeal to women, but to the families in which they care for. In contrast, eating disorders are not provoked by the appearance of food advertisement and diet articles; they are, instead, learned through self-abusing behaviors. Yes, it is true that messages sent out by the media regarding bodily appearance are quite different for men and women, but men and women are interested in different things (Malkin 514). When was the last time a man commented about the fat on his hips or on his bra size? Granted, men do not worry about their overall appearance as much as the average women. Magazines appeal to the concerns of the individual, which is why articles on diet, and exercise appears not only in many women, but also male magazines. The only way to look good is to be healthy. One maintains health through exercise and a good diet, and because readers are interested these articles are present. Malkin, Wornian, and ChrislersShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Influences of Media on Establishing Teenage Identities 1717 Words   |  7 PagesLIFE Introduction As teenage girls seek to establish a sense of self, teens may experiment with different roles, activities and behaviors. This is an important process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction through life. Mass media plays an important role in shaping the youth culture. As we all know that in the current modern society, internet, television and magazines has become the inseparable elements of a teenage girl’s life. Internet has become one of the most indispensableRead MorePositive Adult Role Models1038 Words   |  4 PagesPositive Adult Role Models Imagine living in a world where teens are doing drugs, pressuring their peers, and trying to be just like the models in magazines. 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Air Pollution In Africa - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3183 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Air Pollution Essay Pollution Essay Did you like this example? Pollution is a word that is commonly used around us. We hear it on the way to school, on the news and even while eaves dropping on elderly people just taking a ride on the train. So what exactly does pollution mean? And how did it become a topic that is now widely discussed? What is the solution to this problem we are so accustomed to, but is killing us? It has become increasingly evident that for some that the only way to retain sanity is certainly by polluting their environment and on the long run having to pay for it, or worse still, having someone else pay for it.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Air Pollution In Africa" essay for you Create order With this, I begin this paper with the basic definition of pollution. Pollution according to the oxford dictionary is defined as the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects.1 The next question you are probably asking is: what are these substances that are considered harmful enough to poison our environment and make it unfit for us to live in? Coming up with ideas of things that might pollute the environment is not a difficult task. Causes of pollution are habits that have been formed over time and done initially to improve our lifestyle. Examples of these are the smoke from chimneys, vehicle emissions, spraying insecticides on plants, disposal of industrial waste, and even accidents involving the handling of radioactive substances.2 How did we get from where we were to where we are today? The history. We talk about this menace to society but how did it really begin? It is impossible to say that people of older generations did not experience, pollution but as civilization came about and the level of industrialization rose, so did pollution. In 1347 people began falling ill due to inappropriate waste disposal from both animals and humans, which led to the spread of diseases.3 This state of uncleanliness caused disease outbreaks, leading to the outbreak of the Bubonic plague (Black Death), whose vectors were rats and fleas inhibited by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. In the nineteenth century industrialization increased, which led to more industries and factories producing more waste, such as alkali works, copper works, sulfuric acid liquid, sulfate of iron from tinplate works, and by slag, cinders and small coal.5 As the twentieth century came rolling in, water and air pollution became serious problems and as more people fell sick. This pollution is not only limited to the past but has rolled into the present. The world has developed and provided solutions to a lot of other real life issues we face. These issues range from transportation to health and even down to getting laundry done. Yet even with all these enhancements, it seems difficult to curb pollution. This difficulty is even brought about when countries are not honest about their emissions. A good example is China that burns more coal than they report. It is reported that they burn 17% more coal than the government initially disclosed, which equates to approximately 600 million tons of consumption. In recent times, we have a come to know various types of pollution, some conventional and some nonconventional, and I think, oh wow, didnt know that even existed. Generally speaking, some of the types of pollution are: air, water, soil, noise and thermal pollution8. Some others also include radioactive, visual, light and personal pollution. Africa is a continent rich in diversity and filled with natural resources. It is fortunate to not have to deal with natural disasters, but amidst all of this opportunity it is still lacking in a lot of areas. This brings me to the main focus of this research paper, which is air pollution in Africa. What exactly is air pollution? Priyavrat Sharma defines air pollution as the contamination of natural air by mixing up of it with many different contaminating particles including chemicals, harmful fumes etc. Mellissa Manytz holds a similar opinion that air pollution is any contamination of the atmosphere that disturbs the natural composition of the air. Sources of air pollution are called air pollutants and are gaseous in nature. These pollutants have two subdivisions, the first being the primary pollutants that consist of gases like sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The second is the secondary pollutant ozone. Africa has two extremes: on one end there is urban development and a lot of modernization is attempting to take place, while the other extreme is the rural areas where there are a lot of old traditional practices, and many do not want to be bothered with the responsibility of educating the people. Air pollution in Africa is further categorized into two categories: indoor air pollution and outdoor air pollution.14 Indoor pollution refers to pollution that occurs inside an enclosed environment. As stated earlier, this type of pollution is seen mostly in rural areas. As climate conditions differ from season to season in Africa, the levels at which this pollution occurs in different seasons varies15. Indoor cooking and heating practices expose people to high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde. The burning of wood, use of animal dung, agricultural waste and other primitive practices release these gases into the atmosphere as recent studies in Kenya and Gambia have shown. Apart from kitchen duties of the woman, they also engage in agricultural work that involves fuel carrying and childcare. With the incline of these gases in the atmosphere there is an increased risk of respiratory diseases both in infants and adults. High levels of emissions from factories that have no restrictions cause outdoor air pollution in Africa. Not only does industry cause pollution, but power stations, cars especially trucks and lorries also emit high levels of these gaseous pollutants. Using Nigeria as a model, emission of these gases into the atmosphere is caused by lorries that are clearly worn out and are in desperate need of repair. These trucks have exhaust pipes that release carbon monoxide at high levels and since there is no regulation or restriction they pose as health hazards. Apart from the health implications, they are also death traps because of their bad conditions and the state of the roads. This makes it unsafe for road users as well. A recent study on air pollution in Africa has estimated that by 2030 combustion driven sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides will have increased the worlds emission levels by 20 to 30 per cent. A mind-boggling fact is that there is not enough funding to gather sufficient data for pollution in this part of the world, so the estimates are not certain. West Africas air pollution has begun to gain attention especially in large countries like Nigeria, which has major cities such as Lagos that undergo urbanization at a constant rate. In cities like Lagos, air pollution is a result of the constant running of generators because of the lack of power supply in the nation. People have become so accustomed to living in these conditions that they dont even notice anymore how polluted the atmosphere really is. It is appalling how many deaths it has caused. Take for example some one sleeping near a generator house inhaling all the carbon monoxide emitted, which then mixes with the blood and causes de ath. About 94% of Nigerias population is exposed to levels of pollution that exceed what the World Health Organization considers as safe. Gaborone in Botswana was also the seventh most polluted city in the world in 2013 according to WHOs data. Health Implications. Outdoor air pollution is detrimental to human health. Some of the diseases experienced include: stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and both chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma. Particulate matter is a mixture of solid and liquid organic and inorganic matter all suspended in air. It is composed of sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust and water. Particulate matter is a major contributor to these diseases and it affects us more than we think it does. So far research has shown that there is a correlation between high levels of particulate matter and morbidity rate. If these levels were reduced then there would be lower morbidity. The WHO estimates that a reduction from PM10 with concentration levels of 70 / 3 to 20 / 3 would reduce air polluted related diseases by approximately 15%.25 We are battling with particulate matter as a potential source of these disease. Sulfur dioxide, ozone and nitrogen dioxide gases are also combined wi th these particulate matters. The ozone at the ground level is a large contributor to photochemical smog. It is formed by the reaction of sunlight with pollutants such as Nitrogen oxides, which are released from vehicles and factories. Increased ozone in the air causes lung diseases. Nitrogen dioxide, a rotten smelling gas, is formed from combustion processes such as heating, fossil fuels, coal, power generation, and engines in vehicles and ships and food processing. Short term concentrations of this gas could cause inflammation of the airways, while long term exposure could potentially lead to asthma in children, reduced lung functions and bronchitis. Sulfur dioxide is a highly reactive gas that is emitted from combustion, extraction of metals from ores and burning of high sulfur. The highest concentration of sulfur dioxide is in fossil fuel combustion of power plants and other industrial processes. Research has shown that short-term exposure to sulfur dioxide, which could be between five minutes and twenty-four hours, could cause an individual to experience respiratory diseases such as bronchoconstriction and asthma30. Sulfur dioxide could also react with other compounds in the environment and form small particles. These particles then get into the body and may cause even worse diseases that are by far more life threatening. Indoor air pollution also emits similar gases as a result of smoke from the burning of wood, cook stoves, and open fire stoves, and triggers tuberculosis. Mainly women and children suffer pollutions repercussions, as earlier stated. Approximately 1.6 million deaths have been recorded from women and children breathing high levels of indoor smoke in Africa. Preventive and Curative Measures It is important to cure this disease which we have inflicted upon our planet earth, but even more important that we take preventive measures so that the problem does not get worse. To reduce emission levels, the use of air pollution equipment can be employed. This equipment cleans dirty air just before it goes out into the environment.34 Some common examples of these control equipment are adsorbers, cyclones and vapor condensers to mention a few.35 In general they are cost efficient and also succeed in the job for which they have been employed to. A company called Air Liquide has provided air pollution control and treatment.36 They provide advanced technology using knowledge obtained from combustion, heat transfer and cryogenics.37 These technologies reduce green house gas emissions. Oxy combustion solutions is a technology they have come up with that has the capacity to reduce fume volumes and emission levels. These oxycombustion solutions remove nitrogen oxides and particulate ma tter from the atmosphere38. Another way to control these emissions is by placing permits to regulate the concentration of these gases that enter the atmosphere in levels that are not harmful. These are helpful because they place requirements on how things are done. Measures Taken So far South Africa is the only country in Africa that has enforced air quality legislation. The air quality act (act 39 of 2004) functions include: national air quality framework, listing of pollutants, setting emission standards and a providing a range of criminal offences.39 A workshop held in July called the Better Air Quality was a sub-regional workshop to make policies regarding better environmental practices.40 The BAQ brought together West and Central Africa Sub regions The BAQ initiative is supported by the Air Pollution Information Network for Africa (APINA), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), ARA, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the Swedish International Development Co- operation Agency (Sida), the Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum (GAPF), UNEP through the Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV), and the World Bank.41 The regional framework agreement on air pollution has been able to bring together twenty-one countries in west and ce ntral Africa. These countries are Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Congo Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo â€Å" and ECOWAS. The framework is aimed at addressing key areas that are affecting air pollution in the continent. Their main areas of focus are transport, mining, household pollution, bush burning and uncontrolled deforestation. This paper includes projection plans for when the organization should implement laws to engender significant change in the various sectors that contribute to air pollution. An example would be to enact regulations to adopt AFRI-2 (3500 ppm max sulphur in diesel and 500ppm in gasoline) or better fuel specifications by the end of 2010 and implement AFRI-4 (50 ppm max sulphur in diesel and 150ppm in gasoline) by 2020. This is an example of the projection made in regards to fuel standards. They also aim at increasing awareness among the people so that there would be less air pollutants emitted and people would make a more conscious effort to regulate or completely stop the use of these materials. The only issue I see about the proposed measures is that to stop air pollution there are so many great ideas that could easily be worked with but it doesnt seem like there is a section describing how to implement those ideas. The framework is also excessively long and although put in organized format, does not show focus. Consider this sentence: create efficient linkages between non-motorized transport, public transport and individual motorized transport to improve efficiency of urban mobility. This proposal does not specify what kind of linkages they intend to create or when this urban mobility will be developed. Another example would be to channel more investments in the development of sustainable urban transport infrastructure including road and rail systems. The framework says that it was going to do something about the railroad system, yet Nigeria is a West African country and has been a part of this framework since 2009 and there has been no transformation in the transportation system. The rails have been out of commission since the 1970s and the sector in charge of transportation still collects revenue for development of that sector of the economy, but so far nothing has been done to change it. I know it takes time for some of these things to be implemented, but fulfilling a few out these hundreds of promises would reduce apathy among the people. Proposed Solutions Air pollution is a major issue and I dont know how much awareness may really bring about change, so the more realistic solution would be to move everyone, divide each continent, and assign each to a new planet. Since Canada is really cold and its inhabitants are used to the cold, it would make sense that they stay farthest away from the sun, so Pluto would suffice. This way everyone would be given a second chance to make right their atrocious acts of polluting the once perfect earth. Vacating earth for a while would give it time to recuperate from all the damage done to it and maybe after a million years we can consider returning back. A potential solution for pollution in Africa would be to try to create awareness especially among people in the rural areas so that they become more conscious of a lot of primitive practices that cost them their lives. I dont think it is enough to simply raise awareness, because for people living in poverty there is not much you can tell them to make them go out of their way and buy fuel efficient stoves for cooking. The truth is that they do not have money for that and the little they have is invested in food for their immediate family. It would make better sense for the government to provide some of these facilities to the less privileged because at this point what they really is a savior. The popular saying that actions speaks louder than words fits with this scenario because asking them to take positive steps towards the environment would entail you showing that you genuinely care about them. Lots of air pollution is caused by power generators and solving the problem of power supply would be a huge relief. So much money goes into buying diesel and fuel for people to power these plants just so they can have electricity. If electricity issues were resolved by going green then pollution would be significantly less and people would likely be happier. Going green means using sources of electricity that do not have negative effects on the environment43. The sun, air, water and wind can be used to harness electricity without having a negative effect on the environment. As stated earlier, Africa is such a blessed continent with a lot of natural resources, many that have not even been unearthed. So if poverty levels are reduced, then pollution would be reduced as well. Pollution and poverty may not directly correlate, but poverty causes people to resort to using pollutants and appliances that emit them in high concentrations. If some of this basic infrastructure is provided then I reckon there would be less pollution. Industries contribute a great deal to atmospheric pollution and there are no restrictions on pollutant levels. Once those rules are enforced and strictly adhered to, there wouldnt be much of a problem trying to bring down levels of pollution. Education is also a potential solution. The more people go to school, the more people become appreciative of their surrounding environment. The public education system should be reformed back to way the way it used to be way before private schools came into play. If the public education system is reformed then there would be equal opportunity for education both for the poor and the affluent and higher literacy rates. The Bigger Picture Public Health and the Field of Medicine What exactly is public health? Public health refers to all measures taken to prevent diseases and prolong life among populations, not just individuals.44 Public health keeps a constant follow up on the health of communities and promotes practices to ensure that the population remains healthy. A physician on the other hand treats patients individually. So how does this goal play a role in helping to improve the quality of air and the state of health of the people currently experiencing air pollution or enduring its implications? A background in public health would give me a good understanding of how to prevent and control the spread of diseases in a community. It would further help me to understand how to relate with a large group of people and communicate with them in a way that would be of great benefit. As a physician trained in the art of healing, I would be able to offer treatment to people affected. For the state of public health to be improved these solutions to air pollution in Africa in need to be implemented before it becomes an irreversible problem.